Study Notes

Summary of Plato's Republic (aka Politeia)

One of my old chosts

This is my best attempt to do the Ranged Touch "summarize in 5 sentences" thing for Plato's Republic, mostly to exorcise it from my brain.

Characters involved:

Socrates
The narrator; Plato's teacher
Glaucon
Plato's brother; Main personality is "so true, bestie"
Adeimantus
Plato's brother; Won't let Socrates get away with hand waving things
Polemarchus
Athenian philosopher, son of Cephalus; Guy who has to clean up after Cephalus
Cephalus
Father of Polemarchus; Notable for asking the crew to kidnap Socrates and then peacing out after realizing how annoying Socrates is
Thrasymachus
Chalcedonian teacher; Only guy to really challenge Socrates
Cleitophon
Athenian statesman, friend of Thrasymachus; Personality is "tired of Socrates' bullshit"

Outline

Book 1

  1. Socrates (along with Glaucon) is kidnapped by a crew of young ruffians composed of Polemarchus, Adeimantus, and others, who take him to Polemarchus' house to have dinner with his father Cephalus.
  2. Cephalus complains about how Socrates never comes by to see him anymore and how hard it is to get out of the house now that Cephalus has grown so old.
  3. Socrates argues enough to annoy Cephalus, who says "aight imma head out, I know I was saying I was too old to leave the house but I ain't reading all that, I'm sorry or I'm happy for you, please talk to my son now," and Polemarchus begrudgingly agrees to carry on the argument.
  4. Suddenly Thrasymachus' intro theme blares, and we enter the Chad Thrasymachus vs. the Virgin Socrates section of the story as the man jumps in to say Socrates and Polemarchus gotta stop jerking each other off and actually say what they think, shocking Socrates into near apoplexy at the very thought of saying a normal sentence with a subject, verb, and noun.
  5. Thrasymachus owns Socrates for several paragraphs with a brief tag in from Cleitophon and attempts a mic drop but the audience refuses to let him leave, giving Socrates the opening to attempt the Virgin-to-Chad switcheroo (revealing in his narration that he has been heavily editorializing everyone else's responses to make them sound like Socrates simps), which leads to a bored Thrasymachus nodding along to Socrates' rambling, concluding with Socrates declaring victory because he has learned nothing and made no tangible statements during the whole endeavor.

Book 2

  1. At this point Socrates tries to escape his kidnappers, but Glaucon wants to stay and actually come to a real conclusion for the argument.
  2. Glaucon continues the argument by saying invisibility is his favorite super power, and Adeimantus tags in with his brother to suplex Socrates with poetry quotations.
  3. Socrates thinks this is all great, gets hype about their father, Ariston, who also happens to be Plato's father.
  4. Socrates finally admits defeat, but everyone begs him to keep going so he suggests they start talking about the ideal just city because it is huge (compared to the just person) and that means it has huge justice.
  5. Socrates begins to play a city-building TTRPG with them and they quickly develop a fantasy cult commune that's only allowed to have VeggieTales-level art and music.

Book 3

  1. Socrates quotes several culturally important poems which might be considered interesting and therefore are not to be allowed in their fantasy city.
  2. They take a brief interlude to discuss the difference between fiction and non-fiction and decide that the only form of storytelling allowed will be autobiographies, while also deciding that only rhythmic, harmonious music (and instruments precisely made to only be capable of playing this music) will be allowed.
  3. The TTRPG campaign continues and they determine that the city is protected by baby-brained supersoldiers who love to do jazzercise.
  4. They also decide the populace has to be convinced that their lives from childhood to young adulthood were imaginary and they are actually metal-blooded homunculi born from the earth.
  5. Socrates wants their baby-brained supersoldiers to take vows of poverty in order to keep them in line.

Book 4

  1. Adeimantus pushes back on all of this because it's just plainly wild but Socrates insists that this is just how things will be because otherwise the whole thing breaks down and they'll have to reroll.
  2. Continuing on, they decide how the military and foreign policy will work in their city and Socrates mentions offhandedly that everyone in the commune will share everything, including women and children.
  3. They decide there will be very few laws because the people in the city will be so smart that all they need is a vibes-based system with an immutable constitution as guidance, which goes pretty far to explain where the United States of America got its terrible ideas from.
  4. They take a break from the game to try to figure out where the justice is in their fantasy city, and settle on it being the order that keeps every type of person doing what they're best at.
  5. Socrates remarks that there are probably as many types of people as there are types of government, of which there are 5.

Book 5

  1. Socrates explains that the first type of government is the one they just made up for their fantasy city but before he can explain the other types of government, Polemarchus buttonholes Adeimantus in a corner and argues with him about whether they should actually let Socrates go.
  2. Adeimantus eventually agrees that they shouldn't, insisting that Socrates explain what he meant back in Book 4 by sharing women and children, because everyone listening is very interested in how is babby formed in their fantasy city.
  3. The group goes back to city-building TTRPG mode and they set up a theoretical eugenics program where the baby-brained supersoldiers roll dice to see who they get to rawdog, and no parent is allowed to know who their child is nor is any child allowed to know who their parents are, and the children learn horse riding at the youngest age possible so they can come along to war and ride the horses to safety if they are threatened.
  4. Socrates goes off on a tangent about what rules of war the city should use, and decides they should probably avoid as much violence and destruction as possible, and some vets should win a free kissing license.
  5. Returning to the city-building TTRPG, Socrates suggests that the only way this city could function is if the whole thing was run by philosophers, which causes the entire group to flip the table and Glaucon to threaten him, so Socrates tries to calm them down by telling them they don't even know what a philosopher is so why are they mad, and he then proceeds to explain what a philosopher is and isn't.

Book 6

  1. Socrates expands on what even is a philosopher but Glaucon eventually stops Socrates' rambling to point out that all actual philosophers that exist objectively suck or are evil, which kinda makes the philosopher king thing garbage regardless of whether his argument sounds good.
  2. Socrates immediately agrees with Glaucon, and then insists that this is the exact reason why philosophers should be made kings.
  3. Socrates further insists this is true because what if philosophers were really good at ships, and everyone settles down after that.
  4. The group now tries to figure out what goodness is and agrees that light only comes from the sun, and the eye is shaped like the sun because it looks like a circle, and isn't that neat?
  5. They then spend some time thinking about a line.

Book 7

  1. Socrates makes up several guys and a cave to house them, with light provided by fire despite what was said earlier about the sun being the source of all light, and nobody says shit.
  2. They go back to the city-building TTRPG and, while working out the education system, decide that since philosophers are the only ones allowed to rule, they should be specifically only theoretical mathematicians.
  3. They agree that the philosophers should only come to theoretical math by either natural interest or being tricked as children into thinking math is fun.
  4. They agree their fantasy city is possible, as long as you teach the kids properly and roll the dice with enough princes.

Book 8

  1. They end their city-building TTRPG campaign finally, having decided they figured out justice and why philosophers should definitely be kings.
  2. Socrates holds forth on his ideas about government from Book 5 and how they relate to people, listing out five governments in total, while also allowing that there are as many governments as there are human beings, but the governments he knows about are definitely the main ones, just like the five types of guy he knows about are really the main types of guy.
  3. Socrates claims that, aside from "the best guy", the four other types of guy are Sporty Spice, Posh Spice, Baby Spice, and Scary Spice, corresponding to timocracy, oligarchy, democracy, and tyranny respectively- presumably making the best guy (government-persona: aristocracy) Ginger Spice.
  4. Socrates petitions the Muses to explain that Sporty Spice, Posh Spice, and Baby Spice (along with their related govsonas) will inevitably become Scary Spice because, due to time-cube level fourth dimensional baby math which harkens back to the metal-blooded homunculi from Book 3, Sporty Spice is really just a combination of Ginger Spice and Posh Spice, Sporty Spice's dad will be framed for tax fraud and so Sporty Spice has to save up money and become Posh Spice, Posh Spice will get so baby-brained on money and food that he must become Baby Spice, and it naturally follows that Baby Spice is a werewolf.
  5. Finally, Socrates insists that Scary Spice will hang out with a bunch of rude dudes and beat up his own dad, and also freedom is actually slavery when you think about it.

Book 9

  1. They continue the discussion from Book Eight, but exclusively focused on Scary Spice (a.k.a. The Tyrannical Man, a.k.a. the tyrant) and how much he sucks.
  2. Socrates insists that the tyrant is full of pleasure bees which will make him do several crimes, in the following order: break into someone's house, steal someone's underwear, knock over a church, murder someone (out of love), and eat a Tide Pod (out of love).
  3. According to Socrates, the tyrant beat up his own dad and mom, and he's super mean and sucks, but he doesn't suck as much as a slave owner who doesn't have the state to back up the whole idea of slavery, but he does have wicked bad FOMO 'cause he has to stay inside all the time'.
  4. On a completely different train of thought, Socrates now says inside you are three wolves, which also correlate to a new way of categorizing the types of guy there can be: Brainy Smurf, Vanity Smurf, and Greedy Smurf.
  5. Based on these new types of guy there are, Socrates says you can put a number on how much tyrants suck, and it's -729, because [Scott Steiner Voice] when you look at Ginger Spice and you look at Scary Spice, normally if you just compare two guys like it would just be like only three guys different, but Ginger Spice is a genetic freak and he's not normal, then you add Brainy Smurf into the mix, your chances of winning drastic go down.

Book 10

  1. Socrates takes a breath to reflect that he's really good at deciding which kinds of poetry should be allowed.
  2. Surprise, this has all been a lead up to a Chick tract.
  3. Socrates insists that our souls are immortal, surprising Glaucon, and further states good and evil are real things, and we should be good in life so we can get our first pick of Pokemon starter when we are reincarnated.
  4. The end.

Notes on Nihil Unbound by Ray Brassier

But to acknowledge this truth, the subject of philosophy must also recognize that he or she is already dead, and that philosophy is neither a medium of affirmation nor a source of justification, but rather the organon of extinction.

Ray Brassier, Nihil Unbound, (Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), p.239

Lots to say about this book. A summary does it a disservice- not only because it is worth the read, but also because my distillation of its "point" would be a bit of a let-down. The ideas brought up and worked through are fascinating in their own right, especially in our current context, and more interesting if you engage with them on their own terms than if you were to try to treat them as Truths That Must Be Immediately Applied.

For one, the author is pretty plain in stating that the book is, at best, a flawed first shot at a few broad goals- the main thrust being that Brassier is interested in exploring the concept of nihilism as a rich avenue of thought, as opposed to treating it as a blank wall of doom. The point of the writing is exploration, not explanation, so one will find no solid explanations within. It consists of speculation and suggestion.

Additionally, the book is firmly situated in a cultural perspective which the author thankfully makes clear on a repeated basis. I have seen some folks refer to it as a "literature review," which is true in that it (maybe ironically) does not treat its argumentation as coming out of nowhere (ex nihilo), but instead couches each chapter in contrast to other philosophers. There is no strictly original chapter in the book. Brassier might have just as easily titled each chapter after the philosophers he talked about in them; I've prepared a table to demonstrate:

Chapters of Nihil Unbound, paired with the "main character" philosophers referenced.
Chapter Titles Main Characters (in order of appearance)
The Apoptosis of Belief Wilfrid Sellars Paul Churchland
The Thanatosis of Enlightenment Theodor Adorno Max Horkheimer
The Enigma of Realism Quentin Meillassoux
Unbinding the Void Alain Badiou
Being Nothing François Laruelle
The Pure and Empty Form of Death Martin Heidegger Gilles Deleuze
The Truth of Extinction Friedrich Nietzsche Jean-François Lyotard Emmanuel Levinas Sigmund Freud

I suppose "The Apoptosis of Belief" is more evocative than "A Review of Wilfrid Sellars & Paul Churchland."

As a result of the material it deals with, the book works in a context of familiarity with Anglo-American analytic philosophy, as well as continental philosophy, neither of which I am terribly familiar with. That wasn't really an issue for me, as Brassier reviews the works he's responding to with a decent amount of quotation. In fact, I would argue that it's helpful to have the work come pre-contextualized so thoroughly.

Footnotes

Terms used in this article

analytic philosophy [Return to first use]
A movement in philosophy, used here to refer less to a specific technique and more to a general grouping of philosophers, predominantly anglophones from either the United States of America or Canada.
continental philosophy [Return to first use]
A field of philosophies originating from mainland Europe.
literature review [Return to first use]
A review of existing writing on the topic of interest.
nihilism [Return to first use]
A philosophical perspective, usually based in "nothingness" and how it relates to "being." Phrased as "existence is worthless", it might also be understood as "existence cannot be give a value."
operationalization [Return to first use]
Defining a concept through the operations used to measure it, e.g. treating length as defined by the set of physical operations used to measure length.
organon [Return to first use]
Used here in a similar sense as Aristotle's "Organon," a collection of his works on dialectic and logical analysis. In this sense, the term means "a set of tools for thinking."